Dab tsi sab hnub poob tuaj yeem kawm los ntawm Florida Txog Hav Zoov Hluav Taws Xob
Dab tsi sab hnub poob tuaj yeem kawm los ntawm Florida Txog Hav Zoov Hluav Taws Xob
Anonim

Hluav taws kub ib txwm yog ib feem ntawm toj roob hauv pes. Qhov yuam kev peb tau ua yog sim txwv nws-ib yam dab tsi Florida yeej tsis tau ua.

Joe O'Brien, tus kws tshawb fawb ecologist nrog Asmeskas Kev Pabcuam Hav Zoov, muab nws lub kaus mom hlau rau hauv nws lub hauv siab, nyiag ua pa ntawm huab cua huv, thiab nqis los ze rau qhov hluav taws kub tam sim no engulfing $ 23,000 lub koob yees duab. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ib tug drone uas suab zoo li npau taws muv yog darting nyob rau hauv thiab tawm ntawm cov pa taws. Ib pab pawg ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb nyob ze tau xov tooj cua rau ib leeg thaum lawv rub lub thawv khoom siv rau ntawm lub rubey los ntawm cov nplaim taws. O'Brien yog ib tug ntawm ntau kaum ob tus kws tshawb fawb uas tau taug kev los ntawm thoob plaws lub tebchaws mus rau ib nrab-acre daim phiaj ntawm cov ntoo thuv ntev ntev sab qaum teb ntawm Tallahassee, Florida, rau qhov muaj cai ntawm kev hlawv tag nrho. Nws thiab tag nrho cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm no sim teb cov lus nug nyuaj thiab tsis to taub txog qhov hluav taws kub li cas. Yog tias lawv ua tiav, lawv vam tias yuav teeb tsa Asmeskas ntau dua.

O'Brien hais tias, "Tag nrho cov av ntawm no yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov xuab zeb," O'Brien hais tias, tawm hauv nws lub koob yees duab los tua hluav taws infrared video. Nws rub tawm cov nyom nyom uas tsis ntev los no thiab co cov xuab zeb los ntawm nws nrog kev zoo siab tsis ntseeg koj xav tau los ntawm tus menyuam me nrhiav dej haus. "Thiab tseem muaj ntau li 50 hom nroj tsuag ib square meter ntawm no-nplua nuj dua lwm qhov hauv ntiaj teb!"

O'Brien, uas kawm txog cov nroj tsuag tsis tshua muaj thiab lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo rau hluav taws nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, hais tias qhov kev sib txawv ntawm cov nroj tsuag zoo kawg tsis yog vim qhov sib txawv ntawm cov xuab zeb cov nroj tsuag no loj hlob nyob rau hauv-nws qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov zaus, ntev, thiab qhov hnyav uas hav zoov hlawv.. O'Brien hais tias, "Fire tau txais qhov mojo txog nws," O'Brien hais. "Nws ua ntau yam uas tsis muaj lwm yam kev kho mob, txhua yam lossis tshuaj, tuaj yeem ua tau. Nws hloov cov chemistry. Nws volatizes tebchaw. Nws sterilizes cov av hauv qee qhov chaw thiab ntxiv cov as-ham rau lwm tus."

Tau ntau xyoo, cov kws tshawb fawb hluav taws tau nkag siab qhov no. Tab sis hluav taws kub nws tus kheej tsis muaj peev xwm ua kom tiav kom txog rau thaum ob peb xyoos dhau los, thaum Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tiv Thaiv cov kws tshawb fawb tau ua tiav cov koob yees duab infrared uas tso cai rau lawv tua tawg ntawm 1,000 cov duab ib ob. Thaum O'Brien tau cob qhia cov koob yees duab ntawm qhov hluav taws kub hauv hav zoov, nws pom tias nws tuaj yeem ntsuas qhov ntsuas kub npaum li cas hloov lub sijhawm thiab qhov chaw. Nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv ntawd, nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab ntau npaum li cas lub zog hluav taws tau rov qab mus rau hauv cov xuab zeb, txawm tias nyob ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm ib pawg nyom. Tam sim no, los ntawm kev qhia txog kev faib hluav taws xob, O'Brien tuaj yeem kwv yees tias cov nroj tsuag yuav tawm qhov twg. Hluav taws kub sib txawv tsim biodiversity, thiab cov ntoo ntoo ntoo ntev ntev no yog nyob ntawm nws cov biodiverse feem ntau thaum nws hlawv txhua xyoo.

O'Brien hais tias, "Thaum cov nplaim taws mus, biodiversity ua raws," O'Brien hais tias, tshem nws lub ntsws nrog hnoos. Nws hais tias hluav taws yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm ecological - ib qho tseem ceeb rau hav zoov xws li dej thiab hnub ci. Yog tias cov ntoo no tsis hlawv tsawg li ob xyoo lawm, lawv dhau los ua ntom ntom thiab ntub kom hlawv txhua. Yim caum tsib feem pua ntawm Asmeskas cov hav zoov yog hluav taws-hloov, tab sis tshem tawm hluav taws los ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov chaw no ua rau muaj kev paub ntau dua: Cov hav zoov loj hlob zuj zus, thiab thaum hluav taws kub hnyiab tsis tau rov qab los, lawv tuaj raws li hluav taws kub cua daj cua dub zoo li cov tam sim no ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov. kev khiav tawm ntau txhiab nyob rau sab qaum teb California. O'Brien thiab txhua tus kws tshawb fawb ntawm no xav tias muaj "nyiaj mos txwv" thoob ntiaj teb rau Asmeskas kev kub ntxhov: hluav taws ntau dua.

Tej zaum koj yuav hu rau Kevin Heirs Billy Graham ntawm kev tswj kub. Heirs yog tus kws tshawb fawb txog hluav taws hauv hav zoov nrog Tall Timbers, lub koom haum tshaj tawm xov xwm tshaj tawm xov xwm tshaj tawm hauv ntiaj teb. Nws tseem yog tus thawj coj saib xyuas qhov kev tshawb fawb no hlawv. "Yog li nws los nag ob nti ob hnub dhau los, thiab peb tseem yuav kub hnyiab rau yav tav su no," Heirs hais rau ib chav uas muaj cov kws tshawb fawb hnav lub koom haum T-shirts hauv lub ris ntsuab. Nws yog tag kis ua ntej qhov hluav taws pib. Siab thiab luas nrog ib tug buzz txiav, Heirs tau sawv ntawm ib dais ntawm Tall Timbers Research Station. Lub qhov hluav taws kub xav txog lub tank zaum ntawm lub qub paj rwb cog hla ib lub pas dej ntawm Tallahassee. Nws hnav T-shirt uas nyeem "Wildland Fire Lighter!" Ntawm phab ntsa ntawm ib sab ntawm nws yog ib nplooj ntawv pem hauv ntej los ntawm Tallahassee Times nrog cov ntawv xov xwm "Nws Zoo li Smokey Xyooj Tsis Zoo!"

Txawm hais tias tsis muaj kev ua haujlwm tau ua tiav los teev tag nrho cov av hauv lub tebchaws uas xav tau hluav taws lossis ua kom tawv nqaij kom rov qab los rau nws cov xwm txheej ua ntej Tebchaws Europe, Kev Pabcuam Hav Zoov kwv yees tias ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm 193 lab daim av uas lub koomhaum tswj hwm yog nyob rau hauv " kev cuam tshuam tsis txaus, "ib qho kev suav uas suav nrog thaj chaw nruab nrab ib xyoos ib zaug yog thinned nrog chainsaws los yog kub hnyiab los ntawm cov hluav taws kub nyhiab dhau ib puas xyoo dhau los. Raws li Nicole Valliant, tus kws tshaj lij daim ntawv thov hluav taws xob uas tau sau tsab ntawv ceeb toom rau Kev Pabcuam Hav Zoov, tus lej ntawd tsuas yog nce ntxiv yog tias tsis muaj dab tsi hloov pauv. Thiab rau ntau thaj av ntawd, qhov ntawd txhais tau hais tias muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev siv hluav taws kub hnyav heev. Cov qub txeeg qub teg tau caw ib ncig ntawm 90 tus thawj tswj hwm thaj av sib txawv thiab cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm ntau lub xeev thiab tsoomfwv cov koom haum sib txawv rau qhov kub hnyiab no. Nws xav kom lawv mus cuag cov hluav taws-teeb pom kev zoo nrog tib lub siab sib koom tes uas cov koom haum tswj hwm av coj mus tua hluav taws. "Kev tshawb fawb zoo dua," Heirs hais rau cov neeg coob coob, "yuav ua rau hlawv ntau dua."

Cov kws tshawb fawb tau siv peb hnub dhau los teeb tsa ntau dua $ 1 lab hauv cov cuab yeej tshawb fawb hauv cov phiaj xwm uas lawv tau hlawv rau yav tav su. Ntxiv rau O'Brien, ib tus kws tshawb fawb tau los ntawm University of Idaho los kawm pyro-aerial biology-microbes tso tawm los ntawm hluav taws. Siv lub drone rigged nrog cov ntxaij lim dej los ntes cov khoom hauv huab cua, nws tau kawm seb cov pa luam yeeb puas tuaj yeem kis kab mob rau tib neeg thiab qoob loo. Ib tus kws tshawb fawb los ntawm EPA tau sib koom tib lub drone los ntsuas seb cov pa taws los ntawm megafires tsis zoo rau tib neeg dua li cov pa luam yeeb tawm los ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob tsawg li niaj hnub no. Lwm tus kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Missoula Fire Lab tau kuaj cov pa roj tso tawm los ntawm hluav taws siv "tus nuv ntses ntev xya-foot." Tseem muaj lwm tus kws tshawb fawb los ntawm Florida State University muaj cov cuab yeej crate loj tsim los ntawm kev lag luam cua turbine los ntsuas cua nrawm ntawm 200 ko taw saum toj roob hauv pes mus rau hauv hav zoov. Nws xav ntsuas qhov hluav taws kub tawm tswv yim ntawm huab cua.

Ntawm cov haujlwm no, ib qho Heirs pom muaj kev cog lus zoo tshaj plaws rau kev txo qis kev pheej hmoo ntawm hluav taws kub yog los ntawm Rod Linn, tus kws kho mob los ntawm Los Alamos National Laboratory hauv New Mexico. Linn tau nthuav tawm cov txiaj ntsig los ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb no thiab ntau ntxiv rau hauv cov qauv uas tuaj yeem kwv yees seb qhov hluav taws kub tau teev tseg li cas. Cov qauv ntxhib rau kev kwv yees hluav taws kub hnyiab tau tshwm sim lawm, tab sis tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem kwv yees qhov hluav taws kub tshwm sim hauv thaj av: yuav ua li cas tso hluav taws ntau hauv ib qho chaw yuav hloov qhov hluav taws kub rau lwm qhov; Yuav ua li cas cov cua sov tso tawm los ntawm cov nplaim taws cuam tshuam rau huab cua thiab qhov kev tawm tswv yim ntawd cuam tshuam li cas rau hluav taws; qhov twg cov pa taws yuav mus, dab tsi nyob hauv nws, thiab nws yuav mus deb npaum li cas. Yog tias nws ua nws txoj haujlwm, Linn tuaj yeem pab cov thawj coj hauv av tsim kho lawv cov hluav taws kom lawv ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig uas lawv xav tau. "Yog tias peb tuaj yeem ntes cov physics kom raug ntawm cov nplaim taws me me, cov nplaim taws loj tuaj yeem yooj yim dua," Linn hais.

Nyob rau ntawm dais, Heirs, uas hu xov tooj hais kom hlawv ib qho kev kos duab thiab hais tias txhua qhov chaw nws mus, nws xav txog qhov teeb tsa cov ntoo tawg, yog nkig zoo li nws tau muaj peb khob kas fes ntau dhau. Rau ib hom, teeb tsa ntoo ablaze yog kev xyiv fab. "Tam sim no cia peb mus saib qee qhov hluav taws!" nws hais.

Tau ntau xyoo, Florida cov hluav taws kub nyhiab tau rov qab los. Hauv xyoo 1900, Gifford Pinchot tau tswj hwm kom tua hluav taws Asmeskas nyob txhua qhov chaw tab sis hauv Panhandle. Txog 20 xyoo, Floridians sim nws lub tswv yim. Tom qab ntawd cov neeg yos hav zoov pom tias cov quail lawv nyiam ploj mus, yog li lawv tig Pinchot thiab nws txoj cai tswjfwm tus noog thiab nqa taws rov qab rau hauv hav zoov. Cov quail rov qab los, thiab Floridians tsis tau tso tseg txij li thaum. Niaj hnub no, hluav taws kub tswj tau muaj kev coj noj coj ua zoo li NASCAR.

"Lub Thomas Hluav Taws tau hlawv 280,000 daim av hauv Los Angeles thiab yog cov xov xwm pem hauv ntej rau lub lis piam," Heirs qhia kuv ntawm kev tsav tsheb mus rau kev tshawb fawb hlawv. Qhov hluav taws kub ntawd hlawv 1,000 lub tsev. "Hauv 30-mais vojvoog nyob ib ncig ntawm Tallahassee, peb hlawv thaj av sib npaug, thiab nws yeej tsis tau tshaj tawm xov xwm vim peb tsis tau poob ib lub tsev."

Muaj hluav taws kub hauv tebchaws Amelikas ntau dua li kev puas tsuaj xwb. Xyoo tas los, 202, 250 qhov hluav taws kub tau teem tseg tau hlawv kwv yees li 12 lab daim av; 160,000 ntawm cov kub hnyiab (8 lab daim av muaj nqis) nyob rau sab qab teb. Cov neeg yos hav zoov, cov neeg yos hav zoov, thiab cov tswv tsev txhua tus kub hnyiab vim nws nrawm dua raking thiab zoo dua rau lawv cov pastures thiab ntoo. Lawv feem ntau hla cov khaub ncaws tiv taus hluav taws thiab xaiv cov ris tsho xiav. Thaum txog 3,500 xob laim ib hnub, Florida yog peb lub xeev hluav taws xob tshaj plaws, tab sis hluav taws kub thiab pa taws muaj ntau heev nyob rau ntawd thaum lub bolts ua rau hluav taws kub hnyiab, nws tuaj yeem hlawv tau ntau lub lis piam thiab tsis muaj teeb meem. "Peb yeej tsis muaj kev tuav zoo txog pes tsawg daim av hlawv hauv Florida txhua xyoo. Nws yog ib qho kev txhawj xeeb loj heev, vim peb xav paub dab tsi tsis tau kub hnyiab yog li peb tuaj yeem paub qhov twg los tsom peb txoj kev mob siab rau yav tom ntej, "Heirs hais.

Yog hais tias nws yog ib qho teeb meem, nws yog ib tug palatable vim hais tias cov hluav taws kub yog feem ntau tsis muaj kev hem thawj. Florida cov hav zoov ntub dej thiab gridded nrog txoj kev ("Peb yeej tsis tsim txoj kab"). Nws yog tiaj tus ("Tsis muaj ntau lub roob rau lawv khiav"). Los nag nyob rau lub qab ntug ze ("Peb hlawv 365 hnub hauv ib xyoos"). Txawm li cas los xij, Heirs kwv yees Florida yuav tsum tau hlawv 1 lab daim av txhua xyoo ntau dua li nws ua. Nws liam tias lub xeev qhov hluav taws kub tsis txaus, ib feem, ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tua hluav taws. Thaum hluav taws kub hnyiab, cov neeg tua hluav taws raug xa los ntawm txhua lub ces kaum ntawm lub teb chaws mus rau pem hauv ntej kab, tawm hauv cov hav zoov uas nyob ntawm cov hluav taws uas tau teev tseg yam tsis muaj cov neeg ua hauj lwm yuav tsum teeb lawv. "Peb tab tom tsim teeb meem uas lawv tsis muaj los ntawm kev tsom mus rau sab hnub poob," Heirs hais. Piv txwv li, xyoo 2016 hluav taws kub nyob rau sab qab teb Appalachia uas rhuav tshem 2, 400 lub tsev thiab tua 14. Tennessee tsis tau pom lub npe ntawm kev kub ntxhov hauv ntau tiam neeg.

Rau ntau tus neeg tua hluav taws, "hluav taws tua hluav taws" suav nrog lawv qhov zoo tshaj plaws tawm ntawm qhov hluav taws kub. Los ntawm kev cia cov nplaim taws kub hnyiab, igniting ntau qhov hluav taws kub, thiab khi ob qho tib si rau hauv cov caws pliav uas twb muaj lawm, cov thawj coj hauv av tuaj yeem tsoo qhov loj dua rau hauv hav zoov monoculture. Tswj cov roj hluav taws kub hnyiab xyuas qhov hluav taws kub hnyav.

Raws li nws yog, lub teb chaws lub tswv yim rau thinning thiab hlawv yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm 1.5 lab lub tsev thiab $ 50 nphom hauv cov cuab yeej tsim nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas raug xaiv los ua hluav taws kub heev. Thiab tsawg heev tau ua tiav. Tawm sab hnub poob, tsawg dua 1 lab acres pom cov hluav taws kub hauv ib xyoos. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no yog ib feem ntawm txhua lub teb chaws hav zoov ua raws li fiefdom, hlawv txhua qhov av nws muaj peev xwm nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm tsawg tsawg muaj ua ntej lub caij hluav taws kub hnyiab lawv mus rau hauv triage. Cov qub txeeg qub teg xav tias peb tab tom ntsaws lub pas dej da dej nrog Scotch daim kab xev. "Cov no yog qhov chaw xa mus," nws hais tias, txhais tau tias qhov chaw uas cov neeg tua hluav taws tuaj yeem muaj sia nyob zaum kawg hauv qab cov chaw tua hluav taws. "Yuav ua li cas ob peb puas daim av kho mob tiv thaiv ib lub nroog los ntawm hluav taws uas cuam tshuam ob mais ua ntej ntawm nws tus kheej?!"

Nws yog ib tug risqué stance. ("Lub hav zoov nyias nyias yog qhov chaw thauj tog rau nkoj, qhov chaw uas muab cov neeg tua hluav taws los pib tiv thaiv cov zej zog thiab tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej," Valliant, tus kws tshaj lij ntawm Kev Pabcuam Hluav Taws Xob hais tias. Cov qub txeeg qub teg ntseeg tias cov haujlwm ua haujlwm loj dhau lawm thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm tsawg dhau rau txhua lub nroog thiab cov nroog hauv txoj hauv kev ntawm megafires yav tom ntej kom tswj hwm lawv txoj kev nyab xeeb. Ib txoj hauv kev zoo dua, nws hais tias, yog txhawm rau tiv thaiv hluav taws kub heev ib yam li peb sim tua hluav taws. Cov nyiaj thiab cov neeg tua hluav taws los ntawm thoob plaws lub tebchaws tuaj yeem tuaj ua ke thiab rov ua kom muaj hluav taws zoo rau cov chunks loj ntawm ib lub teb chaws hav zoov ib zaug, tom qab ntawd txav mus kom txog rau thaum cov Islands tuaj ntawm hluav taws-hloov ntoo ib zaug dhau los ua cov teb chaws. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm luv luv, brace rau ntau ntawm tib yam. “Nws tau siv peb 100 xyoo los nkag rau qhov teeb meem no. Nws yuav siv sij hawm ntev kom tawm mus, "Heirs hais.

Peb yog txoj kev mus ntev. Nyob rau sab hnub poob, hluav taws kub hnyiab tsuas yog 1 lab acres hauv ib xyoos. Cov pem hav zoov yog tuab thiab feem ntau qhuav-stricken, uas txhais tau tias kom muab hluav taws kub los ntawm qhov cov tsiaj qus, hlawv plots thawj yuav tsum tau thinned nrog chainsaws los yog tsheb laij. Ces muaj pob nyiaj siv. Hauv California lub Sierra Nevada ib leeg, qhov rov qab ntawm thaj av uas xav tau hluav taws kub lossis thinning yog hais txog qhov loj ntawm Kentucky. Rov qab kho qhov ntawd yuav raug nqi ntawm $ 6 billion thiab $ 8 billion. Xyoo no, tsoomfwv tau tsim cov ntaub ntawv peev hauv kev txo cov hluav taws, uas suav nrog kev kub hnyiab. Qhov ntawd yog $430 lab. Nyiaj thiab hav zoov tej yam kev mob yog cov txiv ntoo-thiab-bolts kev sib tw: knotty tab sis solvable. "Kuv tsis paub meej tias peb tuaj yeem ua tiav tag nrho nrog daim tshev dawb," hais tias Jeremy Bailey, tus thawj coj ntawm Nature Conservancy's fire program. Cov teeb meem loj dua yog kev sib raug zoo. Cov neeg sab hnub poob tsis nyiam haus luam yeeb thiab muaj laj thawj zoo kom ntshai hluav taws.

Tom qab xyoo dhau los ntawm kev tsim txom kev lag luam hauv cov av pej xeem, cov kev cai lij choj uas tiv thaiv cov dej huv, huab cua huv, thiab cov tsiaj tsis tshua muaj txhob txwm ua kom qeeb. Kev kub hnyiab yuav tsum ua raws li National Environmental Policy Act muster. Qhov ntawd tuaj yeem siv sijhawm ntau xyoo. Tau txais los ntawm NEPA, thiab tom qab ntawd cov rooj tsav xwm huab cua zoo yuav tsum tau kos npe tawm ntawm cov pa pa phem uas tsis zoo thiab tsis zoo. Tom qab ntawd ib lub lim tiam yuav tsum tuaj thaum nws qhuav tab sis tsis qhuav dhau thiab cua txaus thauj cov pa luam yeeb tab sis tsis dhau cua los kiv cua. Ib thaj tsam 1,000-acre tau hais kom hlawv hauv Sequoia National Park tau coj tus thawj coj xwm txheej ib feem peb ntawm kev ua haujlwm yuav luag 40 xyoo los nrhiav lub qhov rais thaum tag nrho cov xwm txheej sib txawv. Nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm no, megafires, zoo li cov uas rau lub lis piam ua rau dej nyab Sacramento Valley nrog huab cua phem tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, tig 3.5 lab daim av ntawm cov ntoo thuv hav zoov rau hauv cov teb txhuam hniav. Feem ntau, cov ntoo thuv hauv California, zoo li hauv New Mexico, tsis zoo li yuav rov qab los.

"Qhov peb xav tau yog kev txuag sai," hais tias Tim Male, tus thawj coj ntawm Txoj Cai Innovation Center, uas tsis muaj txiaj ntsig ua haujlwm txhawm rau txhim kho ib puag ncig kev cai lij choj. "Peb tab tom ua tam sim no lossis peb poob hom lossis hav zoov mus tas li rau kev hloov pauv huab cua." Qhov ntawd yuav luag yuav tsum tau txo qis cov kev txwv uas ua rau qeeb hluav taws, kev sib tham nyuaj. Tab sis yog tias peb tsis ua dab tsi, megafires yuav coj peb mus rau qhov twg los tom ntej.

Tsis xav tsis thoob, Heirs xav tias tus qauv rau txoj kev mus rau pem hauv ntej yog tshwm sim ntawm no sab nraum Tallahassee. "Kuv txhais tau tias, saib ntawm qhov ntawd," nws hais tias, taw qhia lub qhov rais. Ib txoj kab hluav taws ntev ntev yog ob peb lub kaum ob ntawm ib lub tsev thiab nyob ze ntawm txoj kev loj tsuas yog 15 mais ntawm lub tsev loj ntawm lub teb chaws plaub lub xeev muaj neeg coob tshaj plaws. Tsis muaj leej twg pom qhov kev hem thawj, thiab tsis muaj lub suab nrov tuaj yeem hnov.

Rov qab rau ntawm txoj kab nrog O'Brien los ntawm kev txaus siab whoosh ntawm cov roj ntes hluav taws. Ob peb tus txiv neej thiab poj niam hauv cov khaub ncaws ntsuab thiab daj tiv taus hluav taws kub hnyiab tau nplaim taws nyob ze O'Brien lub koob yees duab kom muab nws me ntsis ntxiv ua haujlwm nrog. Pine koob nyob ze rau hauv av pib co nyob rau hauv lub updrafts ntawm nce tshav kub, thiab cov me me teeb ntawm cov twj paj nruag ntsais tawm lawv qhov kev lees paub tias science tau tshwm sim.

O'Brien hais tias, "Muaj ib qho qub txeeg qub teg nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm ib puag ncig nihilism, uas txhua yam tib neeg ua rau thaj av tsis zoo," O'Brien hais tias, hla dhau peb-taw-dav swatch mowed rau hauv hav zoov kom kev tshawb fawb hlawv hauv nws ib nrab-acre. lub thawv. Nws tig tawm ib zaj dab neeg hais txog qhov kev tshawb pom tsis ntev los no ntawm 14, 500-xyoo-laus mastodon tusk, cov pob txha "scooped mechanically" thaum nws muab tso rau hauv ib qho dej limestone nyob ze. Cov pov thawj ntawm tib neeg qhov hluav taws kub nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv geology tshwm sim nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, uas qhia rau O'Brien tias cov nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv cov hav zoov no hloov zuj zus mus rau hluav taws taws los ntawm tib neeg mus cog zaub mov, ua rau kev mus los ntawm lub hav zoov yooj yim dua, los yog, raws li zoo raws li hluav taws kub lit los ntawm cov neeg. haiv neeg Hondurans uas tseem siv hluav taws hnub no hais rau O'Brien, "vim nws zoo dua." Keeb kwm, Tebchaws Asmeskas cov av tau tsim los ntawm tib neeg ignitions.

Qhov ntawd yeej muaj tseeb li niaj hnub no. Nyob rau hauv Flint Hills ntawm Kansas, ranchers hlawv ntau tshaj 2 lab acres ib xyoos los kho cov nyom. Yog tias tus tswv tsev ranch tsis xav kom lawv cov av hlawv, nws yog lawv lub luag haujlwm los khaws cov nplaim taws, tsis yog cov hluav taws kub. Hauv Orleans, lub nroog me me nyob rau sab qaum teb California, cov pej xeem ntawm Karuk Khab Khab feem ntau ua rau kub hnyiab nyob ib puag ncig lawv lub tsev yog li Lub Chaw Pabcuam Hav Zoov tsis tas yuav tua hluav taws uas tuaj rau lawv lub vaj tom qab txhua lub caij ntuj sov. Raws li ib txwm muaj lossis tsis zoo, ib txoj kev tshawb fawb tshiab pom tias tib neeg, los ntawm kev pib hluav taws kub nyhiab nrog peb cov luam yeeb, hluav taws kub nyhiab, thiab cov hlua khi hlua khi, tau nce peb npaug ntawm lub caij hluav taws kub niaj hnub no. O'Brien shrugs ntawm qhov no, tom qab ntawd bristles ntawm qhov tseeb tias peb sib ntaus sib tua kom tuag txhua qhov hluav taws kub tsis yog xob laim. Nws hais tias peb yuav tsum tsis txhob txiav txim hluav taws los ntawm qhov nws pib tab sis los ntawm qhov nws ua rau thaj av. "Lub sijhawm twg peb ua tsis ncaj ncees lawm?" O'Brien nug. "Peb yuav tsum nug tib lo lus nug tib neeg ib txwm nug, peb xav kom thaj av zoo li cas?"

Cov pa taws los ntawm cov hluav taws me me nqa thiab tawg mus, thiab lub drone buzzes tawm mus rau lwm qhov, tawm hauv O'Brien nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov nyom thiab cov nyom uas hlawv xyoo no thiab yuav hlawv dua rau xyoo tom ntej. O'Brien paub txog kev kub hnyiab thiab kev sib tw ntawm ib puag ncig niaj hnub no: Tus txiv neej tsis yog xwm txheej, thiab qhov xwm txheej tuaj yeem daws nws tus kheej. Nws OK nrog qhov ntawd. Raws li tus kws saib xyuas kev txuag, O'Brien tsis nyiam lwm txoj hauv kev.

O'Brien hais tias "Txawm hais tias peb npaj cov kev taw qhia nws mus rau hauv txoj kev xav thiab tsim nyog thiab tsim nyog lossis cia li cia nws tshwm sim, xwm txheej mus rau," O'Brien hais. “Tab sis tam sim no kuv muaj ib tug ntxhais. Kuv vam tias peb mus rau txoj kev tau npaj tseg es tsis txhob cia cov chips poob raws li lawv xav tau."

Pom zoo: